Convention Against Transnational Organised Crime
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The United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC, also called the Palermo Convention) is a 2000 United Nations-sponsored multilateral treaty against transnational organized crime.


History

The convention was adopted by a resolution of the United Nations General Assembly on 15 November 2000. India joined on 12 December 2002. The Convention came into force on 29 September 2003. According to Leoluca Orlando, Mayor of Palermo, the convention was the first international convention to fight transnational organized crime, trafficking of human beings, and terrorism. In 2014, the UNTOC strengthened its policies regarding wildlife smuggling. Botswana signed the Anti-Human Trafficking Act of 2014 to comply with UNTOC on the human smuggling protocol. In 2017, as
Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...
prepared the organization of the
2019 Rugby World Cup The 2019 Rugby World Cup was the ninth edition of the Rugby World Cup, the quadrennial world championship for men's rugby union teams. It was hosted in Japan from 20 September to 2 November in 12 venues all across the country. The opening match ...
, and the
2020 Summer Olympics The , officially the and also known as , was an international multi-sport event held from 23 July to 8 August 2021 in Tokyo, Japan, with some preliminary events that began on 21 July. Tokyo was selected as the host city during the ...
and
Paralympics The Paralympic Games or Paralympics, also known as the ''Games of the Paralympiad'', is a periodic series of international multisport events involving athletes with a range of physical disabilities, including impaired muscle power and impaired ...
, it faced the issue of not being fully compliant with the UNTOC, thus jeopardizing its eligibility to organize those events. In February 2018, Afghanistan introduced a new penal code which made the country's laws UNTOC-compliant for the first time.


Description

UNTOC's three supplementary protocols (the Palermo Protocols) are: * Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children. * Protocol Against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air. * Protocol Against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms. All four of these instruments contain elements of the current international law on
human trafficking Human trafficking is the trade of humans for the purpose of forced labour, sexual slavery, or commercial sexual exploitation for the trafficker or others. This may encompass providing a spouse in the context of forced marriage, or the extrac ...
, arms trafficking and
money laundering Money laundering is the process of concealing the origin of money, obtained from illicit activities such as drug trafficking, corruption, embezzlement or gambling, by converting it into a legitimate source. It is a crime in many jurisdictions ...
. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) acts as custodian of the UNTOC and its protocols. The UNTOC is the main legal international instrument to fight organized crime, but its efficiency depends on each member's ability to implement the organization's framework. As an example, the UNTOC requires a minimum sentence of four years imprisonment for transnational organised criminal offences.


Parties

As of 19 September 2017, it has 190 parties, which includes 185 United Nations member states, the Cook Islands, the Holy See, Niue, the
State of Palestine Palestine ( ar, فلسطين, Filasṭīn), Legal status of the State of Palestine, officially the State of Palestine ( ar, دولة فلسطين, Dawlat Filasṭīn, label=none), is a state (polity), state located in Western Asia. Officiall ...
, and the European Union. The nine UN member states that are ''not'' party to the convention are (* indicates that the state has signed but not ratified the convention): In June 2018, the Iranian Parliament approved the bill to join UNTOC, but 10 days later
Ali Khamenei Sayyid Ali Hosseini Khamenei ( fa, سید علی حسینی خامنه‌ای, ; born 19 April 1939) is a Twelver Shia ''marja and the second and current Supreme Leader of Iran, in office since 1989. He was previously the third president o ...
, Supreme Leader of Iran, called the bill "unacceptable" and blocked its progress. In January 2019, the bill was still being debated between the Parliament and the Guardian Council.Iran Postpones Approval Of UN Convention Against Transnational Crime
''Radiofarda.com'', 19 January 2019 (accessed on 30 July 2019)


See also

* European Public Prosecutor * International Criminal Police Organization * ISO 37001 Anti-bribery management systems * United Nations Convention against Corruption


References


External links


UNODC site
{{DEFAULTSORT:Transnational Organized Crime Convention Organized crime United Nations treaties Treaties concluded in 2000 Child labour treaties Treaties entered into force in 2003 Treaties of the Afghan Transitional Administration Treaties of Albania Treaties of Algeria Treaties of Andorra Treaties of Angola Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda Treaties of Argentina Treaties of Armenia Treaties of Australia Treaties of Austria Treaties of Azerbaijan Treaties of the Bahamas Treaties of Bahrain Treaties of Bangladesh Treaties of Barbados Treaties of Belarus Treaties of Belgium Treaties of Belize Treaties of Benin Treaties of Bolivia Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina Treaties of Botswana Treaties of Brazil Treaties of Brunei Treaties of Bulgaria Treaties of Burkina Faso Treaties of Burundi Treaties of Cambodia Treaties of Cameroon Treaties of Canada Treaties of Cape Verde Treaties of the Central African Republic Treaties of Chad Treaties of Chile Treaties of the People's Republic of China 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